The movements of currencies, like any other financial market, are directed by two main forces: supply and the demanda.cuando a currency increases in value, this demand being more larger than the offer. When a currency falls in value, the offer is being larger than its demand.
Do factors influence on the supply and demand for a currency?
The two most important factors that influence the price of a currency are:
1 flow of capital
2. trade flows
These two components are what we call as balance of payments. The main purposeof the balance of payments is to quantify the demand and supply of a currency of acountry by in a given period.
Balance of payments = capital flow + flow of trade
A negative balance of payments indicates that the capital leaving the country is greater than the capital entering the country (demand is small).
A positive balance of payments means that capital coming into the economy is greater than the capital that is out (increase in demand domestic currency).
Theoretically, a balance of payments equal to zero indicates the "true" value of a currency.
I. flow of capital
The flow of capital is the net amount of currency (sales and purchases) through capital investments.
The flow of capital can be divided into: physical flow and flow of investment
Physical flow. This flow happens when foreign entities sell their local currency and buying foreign currency to make foreign direct investment (to make acquisitions, etc.) when the value of this type of investment increases, reflects a good state of the economy where capital is invested.
Flow of investment. These are investments in global markets, fixed-income and variable (Forex, stocks, notes of Government, etc.)
II - trade flows
The commercial flow measuring exports and net imports of a country. These two components are what we call current account.
Countries that have a positive current account (larger than imports exports) is moreprone to devalue its currency. Thus foreign consumers perceive cheaper currency with which to buy goods or foreign services (can buy more goods and services). A good example of this case is Japan.
Countries that have a negative current account (imports outweigh exports) are morelikely to appreciate its currency because they need to sell the local currency more face to buy goods and foreign services at a lower cost. An example of this case is theUnited States.
Within the Fundamental analysis, there are two theories that will help us to know if the price of a currency is high or low, and therefore make money if we act accordingly. These two theories are:
I. the power of parity of purchase (PPP - Purchasing Power Parity)
This theory explains that changes in exchange rates are determined by the relative prices of a basket of similar goods between different countries. In other words, the reason for the basket with similar goods prices must be equal or similar to the exchange rate.
For example, if a computer in Australia costs AU$ 1,500 and the same computer in the United States costs US$ 1,200, according to the PPP, the AUD/USD exchange rate is 1.2500 (1,500/1,200 = 1.2500).
If the AUD/USD exchange rate was 1.3000 (or top 1.2500, according to this theory the value of the exchange rate must depreciate up to 1.2500. on the other hand, if the exchange rate were 1.0500, this would tend to appreciate up to 1.2500.)
These examples are purely illustrative, in the real world is applied to a basket of goods, not only a good.
The biggest weakness of this theory is that it assumes no transaction costs related to the trade in these goods (taxes, rates, etc.) Another disadvantage is that not considered other factors that can influence the type of change (such as the interest rate).
II - theory of the rate of interest
This theory States that the differentials in interest rates neutralize the positive and negative changes of one currency against any other, in such a way that there can beno arbitration (opportunities without risk).
For example, if Australia interest rate is 5.5% and the United States interest rate is 3.5%, then the AUD should appreciate so that in this way there are no opportunities for arbitration.
There are other theories that try to explain the value of a currency pair. But like all theories, they are based on assumptions and they cannot be taken as Dogmas of faith.
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